The project asks how the military use of drones changes the way how non-state armed groups (NSAGs) in Africa, like al-Shabaab or ISWAP (Islamic State West Africa Province) fight. In particular, the project examines whether the availability of drones makes the warfare of selected African NSAGs more “liquid” (focused on the destruction of enemy networks), or more “solid” (focused on the control of territory).  Given the aspirations of many NSAGs for political domination and thus territorial control, as noted by research, it would be expected that most NSAGs would use armed drones to conquer and control territory rather than to attack distant, often civilian, targets. However, our research in the “Liquid Warfare” project was able to show that armed drones had contributed to making the warfare of the Houthis in Yemen and the Islamic State in Syria and Iraq more “liquid”. Furthermore, building on the findings on the proliferation of armed drones to non-state armed groups in Africa, the project will identify concrete policy options how drone proliferation to NSAGs can be contained through national, regional and international arms control instruments.