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The collapse of Bashar al-Assad’s regime after 13 years of uprisings marked a turning point in Syria’s history. The rapid and unexpected advancement of Hay’at Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), the Syrian National Army (SNA), and southern opposition forces — achieved through unprecedented coordination and minimal resistance — has profoundly altered the political and security landscape of the country. The rebels’ victory raises questions about Syria’s future governance, security dynamics, and reconstruction. It has also brought the fate of millions of refugees to the forefront of several countries’ domestic policy agendas. While many Syrians desire to return to the country, they continue to face significant risks and uncertainties.

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